{"id":96,"date":"2017-04-25T16:36:37","date_gmt":"2017-04-25T16:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/?p=96"},"modified":"2017-04-26T03:38:30","modified_gmt":"2017-04-26T03:38:30","slug":"clarification-on-section-65b-who-should-sign-the-certificate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/2017\/04\/25\/clarification-on-section-65b-who-should-sign-the-certificate\/","title":{"rendered":"Clarification on Section 65B\u2026 Who should sign the Certificate?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u00a0Section 65B of Indian Evidence Act (IEA)is one of the hot topics discussed in Techno Legal Circles today. Though Naavi has clarified his view on the section many times on this site and in workshops and conferences, there are continued questions that linger on because some of the legal professionals hold some different point of view in respect of some of the finer points of the discussion.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

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One such doubt often raised is \u201cWho should provide the Section 65B certification?\u201d.<\/p>\n

The supplementary questions that arise in this context is \u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cIs it that the Admin of a server in which an electronic document is present the person who has to provide the certification?\u201d<\/p>\n

For example,<\/p>\n

is it not the admin of Airtel who has to provide the Sec 65B certificate for the call data records?<\/p>\n

Is it not the admin of flipkart who has to give certificate in respect of an electronic document pertaining to a sale on its site?.. \u201c<\/p>\n

\u201cNow that Section 79A acrredited Digitl Evidence Examiners are being appointed, should all future Section 65B certificates signed by one fo them?\u201d\u2026. and so on<\/p>\n

I wish to clarify my point of view once again in this respect so that there is\u00a0clarity in all stake holders in this regard.<\/p>\n

I must add here that I have been in the forefront of Cyber Laws since 1998 and has been encountering \u00a0Section 65B-IEA since a long time. The very first instance (2004) when a Section 65B-IEA was successfully invoked was the historically important case of The State of Tamil Nadu Vs Suhas Katti in which conviction happened for the first time in India under ITA 2000. In this case, I had presented the critical evidence of crime which was an electronic document present on the Yahoo server based on which the trial was conducted, offence recognized and accused convicted. I was also examined as an \u201cExpert Witness\u201d and cross examined in the case before the Court accepted the evidence. Since then, documents certified by me have been produced in many Court proceedings and must have been used in many civil proceedings. The service www.ceac.in specializes in this aspect of rendering electronic documents as evidences in an \u201cAdmissible\u201d form in a Court. In a few cases, I have been asked to personally be present to identify the documents and in other cases, this has not been found necessary.<\/p>\n

In the light of all the past experiences I would like to clarify on the point of \u201cWho has to Certify under Section 65B\u201d.<\/p>\n

The first point we need to understand is that Section 65B indicates the manner in which electronic documents can be converted into \u201cComputer Outputs\u201d such that the \u201cComputer Outputs\u201d will be admissible as per the special provisions under Section 65A of IEA applicable to\u00a0\u201cStatement contained in Electronic Form\u201d \u00a0defined in Section 17 of IEA.<\/p>\n

The \u201cComputer Output\u201d referred to in the Section 65B can be in two forms namely \u201cPrinted on Paper\u201d or \u201cCopy on a Media\u201d. If printed on paper it is to be signed. If rendered as an electronic copy, it has to be digitally signed.<\/p>\n

To understand \u00a0\u201cWho has to sign\u201d? one needs to understand that what Section 65B refers to is to the process of creating the \u201cComputer Output\u201d and not the process of \u201cCreating the Electronic Document which is the subject matter of the computer output\u201d.<\/p>\n

The \u201cOriginal\u201d \u00a0\u201cElectronic Document\u201d is a \u201cBinary\u201d document which human beings are unable to understand and can be seen or heard or seen with the assistance of a combination of tools such as the Application and the Operating System running on a hardware of a computer. Hence the \u201cElectronic Document\u201d needs to be appreciated by a Court only in a form which is the end result of many of the processes such as conversion of binary document to a humanly perceivable form on a computer device. However, such a \u201cHumanly perceivable form\u201d sits on a computer and cannot be always brought into the Court room. Even if it is brought, the Judge has to view it and form his opinion and if he incorporates his observation on the document, he will be a witness himself. \u00a0(The hard disk in which a binary document resides is only a container and not the electronic document itself and has to be connected to a computer device to know what it contains).<\/p>\n

The presence of Section 65B enables the Judge to avoid being a witness himself by introducing a role to the Section 65B Certifier who brings the binary electronic document to an \u201cAdmissible\u201d form by creating a \u201cComputer Output\u201d as envisaged in the Section. Even after this, if there is a dispute, then it is open to the Court to call a Section 79A recognized \u201cDigital Evidence Examiner\u201d to assist it in resolving the disputed electronic document.<\/p>\n

If as some professionals suggest, it is necessary for the \u201cAdmin of a Server in which the document is contained\u201d to provide the Section 65B certificate, then a situation would arise where if there are 1 lakh transactions that pass through Flipkart each day, any dispute arising out of these 1 lakh transactions involving multiple electronic documents will all have to be certified only by the admin if required for evidence. Obviously this is neither feasible nor is the intention of Section 65B.<\/p>\n

While the admin who can view the electronic document on the server or any other hardware or software to which he has an access may provide the certified copies, it is not always necessary.<\/p>\n

The purpose of Section 65B is to enable \u201cAny Contractually Capable person who knows how to view (or hear) an electronic document to present a copy (printed or on an electronic media) which can be admitted in the Court as also a \u201cdocument\u201d \u201cwithout further proof or production of the original\u201d. It is that person who prepares the Section 65 statement in which he says \u201cI viewed this document and converted it into a computer output and I certify \u2026..\u201d.<\/p>\n

Hence \u00a0a \u201cThird Party\u201d can provide a \u201cSection 65B Certified Copy\u201d for admission.<\/p>\n

In practice, the person who provides the certificate should be a \u201cTrusted Third Party\u201d who may be cross examined by the defense which may state that the person is unreliable, is either not capable of understanding what he is certifying and is dishonest and produced a false certificate etc.\u201d The Section 65B certificate incorporates a declaration as to the \u201cProcedure adopted for producing the computer output\u201d which should indicate the manner in which any other person following similar process should be able to reproduce the same \u201cComputer Output\u201d except in circumstances where the original binary document has been removed.<\/p>\n

The credentials of the person producing the Section 65B certificate becomes critical to the acceptance of the certified copy by the Court.<\/p>\n

In the case of \u201cForensic Experts\u201d, the experts use certain tools and are able to see information which are visible only on use of such tools. Hence their certificate needs to indicate the tools used which to the extent possible be \u201cStandard Tools\u201d capable of being used by other \u201cForensic Experts\u201d. It is when there is a propritory \u00a0technique is used that the need for the Court to call in another expert who is accredited under Section 79A arises.<\/p>\n

We need to reiterate in this context that it is not necessary that all Section 65B certificates are to be issued only by the Section 79A certified agencies. Section 65B certificate is issued for \u201cAdmissibility\u201d while the Section 79A certified agency is called in by the Court on special circumstances only. It is like the case of a \u201cHandwiring expert\u201d who is called in from time to time to examine the signatures on documents presented in the Court but not mandatorily for all handwritten\/signed documents.<\/p>\n

I hope professionals in the field appreciate this point of view and if they agree should adopt it in their practice. In case they have any counter views, I welcome the feedback so that this view can be refined as required.<\/p>\n

Naavi<\/p>\n

Also Read: Other articles on Naavi.org<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Section 65B of Indian Evidence Act (IEA)is one of the hot topics discussed in Techno Legal Circles today. Though Naavi has clarified his view on the section many times on this site and in workshops and conferences, there are continued … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":141,"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96\/revisions\/141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ceac.in\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}